We are now going to review the Biblical Mitsvot of Pesah. That is, the original laws of this festival, from which all other details and Halakhot of Pesah emerge.
In his introduction to MT Hilkhot Pesah, Maimonides describes one by one the commandments of the festival, listing a total of eight Biblical Mitsvot related to Pesah. This list does NOT include the Mitsvot related to the Pesah sacrifice (qorban Pesah).
There are three positive commandments and five prohibitions related to Pesah.
THE THREE POSITIVE COMMANDMENTS OF PESAH ARE
אכילת מצה 1. Eating matsa on the first night of Pesah (in the Diaspora, it automatically becomes the obligation to eat matsa during the first two nights of the festival). For the rest of Pesah, it is forbidden to eat hamets, but there is no formal obligation to eat matsa.
2 והגדת לבנך. Telling our children during the first night of Pesah (in the Diaspora, the first two nights) the story of our slavery in Egypt and our miraculous redemption. This story is narrated reading and explaining the Haggada of Pesah. This Mitsva includes many other Mitsvot and traditions, such as drinking the four cups of wine, eating the maror, etc.
3 השבתת חמץ. Renouncing to the possession of our hamets on the eve of Pesah, that is the 14th of Nisan (Saturday, March 27th) before noon. In the coming days, we will explain this Mitsva in detail.
THE FIVE PROHIBITIONS OF PESAH ARE
4 איסור אכילת חמץ. The prohibition of eating hamets during Pesah. This prohibition also includes se-or, or natural yeast.
5 איסור אכילת תערובת חמץ. The prohibition against eating any food containing hamets during Pesah. The Gemara mentions as examples of food containing hamets the Kutah haBabli, a type of cottage cheese (cottage= כותח?) which contained bits of bread, and shekhar haMadi, an alcoholic beverage made from grain, like beer.
6 בל-יראה. The prohibition of owning hamets during Pesah, regardless of where that hamets is found.
7 בל -ימצא. The prohibition of owning hamets during Pesah. As the reader can see, these two Mitsvot, 6 and 7 are in fact identical, there is no difference between them and they apply exactly in the same way. This is an exceptional case in the entire Tora.
8 איסור אכילת חמץ ערב פסח אחר חצות היום. The prohibition of eating hamets on Pesah eve from noon. The rabbis extended this prohibition to two hours before noon. So on Shabbat March 27th, 2021, hamets can be consumed only until the end of the fourth hour of the day. It is important to mention that these “hours” are not fixed 60 minutes hours, but “daylight hours” which are obtained by dividing by twelve the daylight period of the day (from dawn to dusk).
